Hybridisation is the mixing of atomic orbitals of different shape and energy on the same atom to form a set of new, equivalent hybrid orbitals. The hybrid orbitals point in directions that match the observed molecular geometry and allow stronger overlap. For example, carbon forms four equivalent sp³ hybrid orbitals directed towards the corners of a tetrahedron.

杂化是同一原子上不同形状和能量的原子轨道相互混合,形成一组新的、等价的杂化轨道的过程。这些杂化轨道指向与观察到的分子几何构型相符的方向,并能实现更强的重叠。例如,碳形成四个指向四面体顶点的等价 sp³ 杂化轨道。